And so / too: shortening a repeated verb in a joined clause

On this page:
And…so
And…too
But…not
Tag Questions
Common Mistakes
Practice 1
Practice 2

And so / too

Shortening a repeated verb in a joined clause

And… so

FULL CLAUSE	SHORTENED CLAUSE – AND SO
And can be used to join two independent clauses. (Each clause has its own subject and verb; each clause can stand alone as a sentence.)	After and the main verb is not usually repeated. Use so + the auxiliary verb. The subject comes after the auxiliary verb. (so means also )
I am five today, and my cousin is five today.	I am five today, and so is my cousin.
My brother has a new toy, and I have a new toy. (present)	My brother has a new toy, and so do I. (Am Eng) / have I. (Br Eng)
My brother is going to get a new toy, and I am going to get a new toy. (BE-future)	My bother is going to get a new toy, and so am I.
My brother got a new toy, and I got a new toy. (past)	My bother got a new toy, and so did I.
My brother should say "thank you", and I should say "thank you". (modal verb)	My bother should say "thank you", and so should I.

*Use be for stating age, not have. See Static Verbs.

Paired Conjunction

And… too

FULL CLAUSE	SHORTENED CLAUSE
And can be used to join two independent clauses. (Each clause has its own subject and verb; each clause can stand alone as a sentence.)	When and joins two independent clauses and each clause includes the same verb, the main verb is not usually repeated in the second clause. The auxiliary verb and too is used instead.
My brother has a new toy, and I have a new toy. (present)	My brother has a new toy, and I do too. (Am Eng)
	My brother has a new toy, and I have too. (Br Eng)
My brother is going to get a new toy, and I am going to get a new toy. (BE-future)	My bother is going to get a new toy, and I am too.
My brother got a new toy, and I got a new toy. (past)	My bother got a new toy, and I did too.
My brother should say "thank you", and I should say "thank you". (modal verb)	My bother should say "thank you", and I should too.

Paired Conjunctions

But… not

CLAUSE	SHORTENED CLAUSE
But can be used to join two independent clauses. (Each clause has its own subject and verb; each clause can stand alone as a sentence.)	After but, the main verb is not usually repeated. The auxiliary verb is used instead of the verb.
My brother has a new toy, but I don't have a new toy. (present)	My brother has a new toy, but I don't. (Am Eng)
	My brother has a new toy, but I haven't. (Br Eng)
My brother is going to get a new toy, but I am not going to get a new toy. (BE-future)	My brother is going to get a new toy, but I am not.
My brother got new toy, but I didn't get a new toy. (past)	My brother got new toy, but I didn't.
My brother should say "thank you", but I shouldn't say "thank you". (modal verb)	My bother should say "thank you", but I shouldn't. / don't have to. (shouldn't - not advised / don't have to - not required)

Also see Neither and either

Tag Questions

Shortened Questions and Answers

Add-on Short Questions

A tag question (so called because it is added or tagged onto the end of a statement) does one of the following:

expresses doubt by the speaker: I'm going too, aren't I? (I believe I am, but I'm asking to make sure.)
imposes the opinion of the speaker: You're tired, aren't you? (I believe you are and am expecting you to agree with me.)

Tag Question Verb Forms

1ST PERSON Singular/ Plural	2ND PERSON Singular/ Plural	3RD PERSON Singular/ Plural
BE I am going too, aren't I? (irregular) We are going too, aren't we?	You are going too, aren't you? You (all) are going too, aren't you?	She / he is going too, isn't she/he? They are going too, aren't they?
DO I go too, don't I? We go too, don't we?	You go too, don't you? You (all) go too, don't you?	She / he goes too, doesn't he / she? They go too, don't they?
DID I went too, didn't I? We went too, didn't we?	You went too, didn't you? You (all) went, didn't you?	She / he went too, didn't he / she? They went too, didn't they?
HAVE I have gone there too, haven't I? We have gone there too, haven't we?	You have gone there too, haven't you? You (all) have gone there too, haven't you?	She / he has gone there too, hasn't he / she? They have gone there too, haven't they?
MODAL I will go there too, won't I? We will go there too, won't we?	You will go there too, won't you? You (all) will go there too, won't you?	She / he will go there too, won't he / she? They will go there too, won't they?
NEGATIVE I am not going either, am I? (irregular) We are not going either, are we?	You are not going either, are you? You (all) are not going either, are you?	She / he is not going either, is she/he? They are not going either, are they?

1ST PERSON Singular/ Plural

2ND PERSON Singular/ Plural

3RD PERSON Singular/ Plural

I am going too, aren't I? (irregular)
We are going too, aren't we?

You are going too, aren't you?
You (all) are going too, aren't you?

She / he is going too, isn't she/he?
They are going too, aren't they?

I go too, don't I?
We go too, don't we?

You go too, don't you?
You (all) go too, don't you?

She / he goes too, doesn't he / she?
They go too, don't they?

DID

I went too, didn't I?
We went too, didn't we?

You went too, didn't you?
You (all) went, didn't you?

She / he went too, didn't he / she?
They went too, didn't they?

HAVE

I have gone there too, haven't I?
We have gone there too, haven't we?

You have gone there too, haven't you?
You (all) have gone there too, haven't you?

She / he has gone there too, hasn't he / she?
They have gone there too, haven't they?

MODAL

I will go there too, won't I?
We will go there too, won't we?

You will go there too, won't you?
You (all) will go there too, won't you?

She / he will go there too, won't he / she?
They will go there too, won't they?

NEGATIVE

I am not going either, am I? (irregular)
We are not going either, are we?

You are not going either, are you?
You (all) are not going either, are you?

She / he is not going either, is she/he?
They are not going either, are they?

Tag Question Responses

TAG QUESTION – NEGATIVE	TAG QUESTION – POSITIVE
A response to a statement with a tag question at the end, ignores the negative tag addition. The expected response is 'Yes, I have.' The unexpected response is 'No, I haven't.'	A response to a statement with a tag question at the end, ignores the positive tag addition. The expected response is 'No, I haven't.' The unexpected response is 'Yes, I have.'
NEG. QUESTION I'm going too, aren't I?	RESPONSE Yes, you are. \| No, you aren't.	NEG. QUESTION I'm not going too, am I? I am not going?	RESPONSE Yes, you are. \| No, you aren't.
	Yes, you aren't. \| No, you are. incorrect		Yes, you aren't. \| No, you are. incorrect

TAG QUESTION – NEGATIVE

TAG QUESTION – POSITIVE

A response to a statement with a tag question at the end, ignores the negative tag addition. The expected response is 'Yes, I have.' The unexpected response is 'No, I haven't.'

A response to a statement with a tag question at the end, ignores the positive tag addition. The expected response is 'No, I haven't.' The unexpected response is 'Yes, I have.'

NEG. QUESTION

I'm going too, aren't I?

RESPONSE

Yes, you are. | No, you aren't.

NEG. QUESTION

I'm not going too, am I? I am not going?

RESPONSE

Yes, you are. | No, you aren't.

*Yes, you aren't. | *No, you are. incorrect

*Yellow highlighted words are examples of incorrect usage.
Related page: Yes-No Short Responses

Common Mistakes

Errors and Solutions

ERROR	SOLUTION
*My brother has a new phone, and so do I too.	My brother has a new phone, and I do too /or and so do I.
*My brother has a new phone, and I too.
*My brother has a new phone, and I also.	My brother has a new phone, and I also have a new one. (Use also with the full clause.)
*My brother has gotten a new phone, and I have too. (present perfect tense)	My bother got a new phone, and I did too. / and so did I. I have driven to Disneyland, and he has too. / and so has he. Use simple past tense when mentioning source. Reporting source The present perfect tense is used to emphasize time duration / experience.

*Yellow highlighted words are examples of incorrect usage.
Solution - lightbulb "And too"

and so (CaGEL 17 7.7.3)

Practice 1

Complete the sentence

Are dog owners like their dogs?

Select the auxiliary verb that agrees with the first clause.
Then check your answer.

My dog was born on January 1,

Feedback 1

My dog has light brown hair,

Feedback 2

My dog is large,

Feedback 3

My dog is growing fast,

Feedback 4

My dog has learned a lot,

Feedback 5

I like running out in the open air,

Feedback 6

My dog sleeps most of the day,

Feedback 7

I am learning to be patient,

Feedback 8

I have been enjoying our time together,

Feedback 9

10.

My dog will get old fast,

Feedback 10

Practice 2

Complete the sentence

Getting Around Downtown

Select the word from each menu that best completes the sentence.
Compare your response to the answer by clicking the "check" button.

11.

Jason loves to ride his motorcycle downtown,

Feedback 11

12.

I prefer to drive my car downtown,

Feedback 12

13.

He can park almost anywhere,

Feedback 13

14.

A motorcycle squeezes through traffic,

squeeze (v.) - to fit or move through a small or narrow space

Feedback 14

15.

Downtown, cars are moving everywhere, .

Feedback 15

16.

The streets were designed for light traffic,

Feedback 16

17.

Most cars take up too much space downtown,

Feedback 17

18.

I should take public transportation,

Feedback 18

19.

With so many cars, the city has become polluted, .

Feedback 19

20.

Soon cars will be banned from downtown,

Feedback 20

Cars banned

Grammar-Quizzes.com

PRACTICE ON POINTS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR

And so / too

Shortening a repeated verb in a joined clause

And… so

Paired Conjunction

And… too

Paired Conjunctions

But… not

Tag Questions

Shortened Questions and Answers

Add-on Short Questions

Tag Question Verb Forms

Tag Question Responses

Common Mistakes

Errors and Solutions

Practice 1

Complete the sentence

Are dog owners like their dogs?

Practice 2

Complete the sentence

Getting Around Downtown